Drugs and Athletics
Presentation20 slidesB.Pharm, Pharm.D
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Presentation of types of drugs used by athletes, growth hormone and growth factors, stimulants, androgens, methods to increase oxygen transport, and nutritional supplements.
- sports pharmacology
- performance-enhancing drugs
- stimulants
- anabolic steroids
- doping
Text of these slides
- Slide 1. DRUGS AND ATHLETICS Presented By Dr. AYESHA FATIMA Pharm D Assistant Professor
- Slide 2. • Athletics use drugs for number of reasons 1. Performance enhancement, 2. To self-treat otherwise untreated mental illness, and 3. To deal with stressors, such as pressure to perform, injuries, physical pain, and retirement from sport. • Apart from these they use drugs to increase chance of winning, to become famous, to become wealthy and because everyone else is doing it. • Drug abuse in the athlete population may involve doping in an effort to gain a competitive advantage.
- Slide 3. TYPES OF DRUGS USED BY ATHLETICS CATEGORY EXAMPLES Androgens Testosterone, danazol, nandrolone, stanozolol Growth hormone and growth factors Insulin-like growth factor, insulin Stimulants Amphetamine, D-methamphetamine, methylphenidate, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, caffeine, cocaine Methods to increase oxygen transport Blood transfusions, recombinant human erythropoietin, darbepoetin alfa Nutritional supplements Vitamins, minerals, herbs, extracts, metabolites Other recreational drugs Alcohol, cannabinoids, narcotics, nicotine Beta agonists Albuterol, formoterol, salmeterol Beta blockers Propranolol Other prescription drugs Diuretics and other masking agents, glucocorticoids, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors
- Slide 4. Growth hormone and growth factors Category Details Substances Recombinant human growth hormone, Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), Insulin Physiological Effects Increases muscle mass, decreases adipose tissue Performance Effects (Both Genders) Decreased fat mass, increased lean body mass, improved sprint capacity (no significant change in strength, power, or endurance) Possible Side Effects Insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, diabetes mellitus, cardiomegaly, hastened epiphyseal closure in adolescents, myopathy, hypertension, edema, carpal tunnel syndrome
- Slide 5. Stimulants Category Details Common Stimulants Amphetamine, D-methamphetamine, Methylphenidate, Ephedrine, Pseudoephedrine, Caffeine, Dimethylamylamine, Cocaine, Fenfluramine, Pemoline, Selegiline, Sibutramine, Strychnine, Modafinil Performance Uses Improve endurance, increase anaerobic performance, decrease fatigue, improve reaction time, increase alertness, promote weight loss Possible Side Effects Hypertension, tachycardia, myocardial infarction, stroke, heat stroke, weight loss, rhabdomyolysis, headache, nausea, tremor, insomnia, anxiety/panic attacks, agitation, aggression, psychosis
- Slide 6. Androgens
- Slide 7. Type of Androgen Examples Exogenous Testosterone Testosterone Synthetic Androgens Danazol, Nandrolone, Stanozolol Androgen Precursors Androstenedione, Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Selective Androgen Receptor Modulators (SARMs) Ostarine, ligandrol Other Forms of Androgen Stimulation General category for any other androgenic agents or mechanisms
- Slide 8. Category Side Effects Reproductive Diminished spermatogenesis and gynecomastia in men, decreased fertility, decreased testicular size, possible benign prostatic hypertrophy or prostate cancer Cardiovascular Decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, increased low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol Hepatic Hepatotoxicity Neuropsychiatric Depression, mania, psychosis, aggression Other Hastened epiphyseal closure in adolescents, acne, hirsutism, temporal hair recession, clitoromegaly, voice deepening, oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea in women, infections (abscesses at injection sites, septic arthritis, hepatitis/HIV from sharing needles), tendon rupture
- Slide 9. Methods to increase oxygen transport Category Details Substances/Methods Used Blood transfusions, recombinant human erythropoietin, darbepoetin alfa, hypoxia mimetics (e.g., desferrioxamine, cobalt), artificial oxygen carriers Performance Effects Increased aerobic power and physical exercise tolerance Possible Side Effects Myocardial infarction, stroke, deep vein thrombosis (DVT)/pulmonary embolism (PE), hypertension, antibody-mediated anemia
- Slide 10. Nutritional Supplements Definition: Nutritional supplements include vitamins, minerals, herbs, extracts, and metabolites used to enhance dietary intake. Important Considerations: • Purity and safety of supplements cannot always be guaranteed. • Supplements may be contaminated with banned substances (e.g., steroids, stimulants) without the athlete's or manufacturer's knowledge. • This contamination poses risks, especially for athletes subject to drug testing.
- Slide 11. Supplement Possible Side Effects Notes Creatine Acute interstitial nephritis, accelerated progression of chronic kidney disease Monitor kidney function if used long term or in those with kidney problems. Vitamin A Toxicity at high doses: headache, nausea, dizziness, liver damage Fat-soluble vitamin; overdosing can be harmful. Iron Gastrointestinal upset, constipation, iron overload Excess iron can be toxic; use with medical advice. Herbal extracts (e.g., ginseng, St. John’s Wort) Allergic reactions, interactions with medications Effectiveness and safety vary widely.
- Slide 12. Other Recreational Drugs Other Recreational Drugs Used by Athletes • These substances may be used by athletes attempting to reduce anxiety or manage pain, indirectly enhancing performance. 1. Alcohol: Used to reduce anxiety but impairs physical and cognitive function. 2. Cannabinoids: Used for anxiety reduction but impair alertness and memory. 3. Narcotics: Used for pain relief during training or competition. 4. Nicotine: Sometimes used to aid weight loss and improve attention.
- Slide 13. Side Effects 1. Alcohol: Sedation, decreased concentration, impaired coordination. 2. Cannabinoids: Reduced alertness, impaired short-term memory, psychomotor slowing, dysphoria, anxiety, psychosis. 3. Narcotics: Physical dependence, nausea, vomiting, constipation, decreased concentration, impaired coordination, fatigue. 4. Nicotine: Chronic use linked to cardiovascular disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and multiple cancers.
- Slide 14. Drug Use in Performance Enhancement Side Effects Alcohol Anxiety reduction Sedation, decreased concentration and coordination Cannabinoids Anxiety reduction Reduced alertness, impaired memory, psychomotor retardation, dysphoria, anxiety, psychosis Narcotics Pain relief Physical dependence, nausea, vomiting, constipation, decreased concentration, fatigue Nicotine Weight loss, improved attention Cardiovascular disease, COPD, cancer risk
- Slide 15. Beta-2 Adrenergic Agonists • Examples: Albuterol , Formoterol , Salmeterol • These drugs act on beta-2 adrenergic receptors and are known to have ergogenic (performance-enhancing) effects. • Effects: • Improved performance in swimmers who use these substances before racing. • Oral beta-2 agonists may: • Increase skeletal muscle mass • Inhibit protein breakdown • Decrease body fat • Examples: Propranolol and other beta- adrenergic blockers • Effects: • Decrease heart rate (bradycardia) • Reduce hand tremor • Provide anxiolytic (anxiety-reducing) effects • These effects may enhance performance in precision sports requiring steadiness and calm, such as archery, shooting, and billiards. Beta Blockers
- Slide 16. Possible Side Effects • Tachycardia (increased heart rate) • Arrhythmias (irregular heartbeat) • Hypokalemia (low potassium levels) • Hyperglycemia (high blood sugar) • Tremor Possible Side Effects • Bradycardia (abnormally slow heart rate) • Increased airway resistance (may worsen asthma or other respiratory conditions) • Decreased endurance (due to reduced cardiac output during exercise) Drug Class Ergogenic Effects Side Effects Beta-2 Agonists Improved swimming performance, increased muscle, decreased fat Tachycardia, arrhythmias, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia, tremor Beta Blockers Decreased heart rate, reduced tremor, anxiolysis (useful in precision sports) Bradycardia, increased airway resistance, decreased endurance
- Slide 17. Other prescription drugs Drug Class Uses in Sports Side Effects Diuretics & Masking Agents Rapid weight loss, mask other PEDs Dizziness, cramps, rash, gout, renal insufficiency, electrolyte imbalance, gynecomastia (spironolactone) Glucocorticoids Anti-inflammatory, analgesic to reduce pain Hyperglycemia, fluid retention, mood changes, muscle weakness, osteoporosis, hypertension, obesity, cataracts Phosphodiesterase- 5 Inhibitors Improve oxygenation and exercise capacity Headache, dizziness, flushing, dyspepsia, nasal congestion
- Slide 18. 1. Diuretics and Other Masking Agents • Purpose: • Used for rapid weight loss in weight-class sports (e.g., wrestling, boxing). • Used to hasten urinary excretion of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs) to reduce positive drug test results. • Masking agents include: • Diuretics • Epitestosterone (to normalize testosterone/epitestosterone ratio) • Probenecid • 5-alpha reductase inhibitors • Plasma expanders (e.g., glycerol, albumin, dextran, mannitol Side Effects: • Dizziness • Muscle cramps • Rash • Gout • Renal insufficiency • Electrolyte imbalances • Gynecomastia (especially with spironolactone)
- Slide 19. 2. Glucocorticoids • Purpose: • Used for their anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties to reduce pain and inflammation, potentially enhancing performance. • Side Effects: • Hyperglycemia • Fluid retention • Depression, mania, psychosis • Chronic use: muscle weakness and atrophy, osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, weight gain, central obesity, cataracts
- Slide 20. 3. Phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE-5) Inhibitors • Examples: Sildenafil, Tadalafil, Vardenafil • Purpose: • Block degradation of cGMP, causing vasodilation. • Athletes may use these drugs to improve oxygenation and exercise capacity. • Side Effects: • Headache • Dizziness • Flushing • Dyspepsia (indigestion) • Nasal congestion or rhinitis
